Hyoscine Uses ,(History) ,Adverse effect, Dose

icon

HYOSCINE;-

History;-

icon

Earlier alkaloids (ATROPA BELLADONNA DERIVATIVE) isolated from plant sources, scopolamine has been in use in its purified forms (such as various salts, including hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide and sulfate), since its isolation by the German scientist Albert Ladenburg in 1880, and as various preparations from its plant-based form since antiquity and perhaps prehistoric times. Following the description of the structure and activity of scopolamine by Ladenburg, the search for synthetic analogues of and methods for total synthesis of scopolamine and/or atropine in the 1930s and 1940s resulted in the discovery of diphenhydramine, an early antihistamine and the prototype of its chemical subclass of these drugs, and pethidine, the first fully synthetic opioid analgesic,

Medical uses;-

pict

Hyoscine has a number of uses in medicine, where it is used to treat the following.

· Postoperative nausea and vomiting and sea sickness, leading to its use by scuba divers

· Motion sickness (where it is often applied as a transdermal patch behind the ear)

· Gastrointestinal spasms

· Renal or biliary spasms 

pict

· Aid in gastrointestinal radiology and endoscopy

· Irritable bowel syndrome

· Clozapine-induced hypersalivation (drooling)

· Bowel colic

· Eye inflammation 

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE;-

pict

Adverse effects;-

Adverse effect incidence:-

immage

• Dry mouth
• Dyshidrosis (reduced ability to sweat in order to cool off)
• Tachycardia (usually occurs at higher doses and is succeeded by bradycardia)
• Bradycardia
• Urticaria (hives)
• Pruritus (itching)

Pregnancy;-

pict

Scopolamine crosses the placenta and is a pregnancy category C medication, meaning a risk to the fetus cannot be ruled out.

Route of administration;-

Scopolamine can be taken by mouth, subcutaneously, ophthalmically and intravenously, as well as via a transdermal patch.

DOSES FORM;-

pict

1.TABLETES

2.SYRUP

3.INJECTION ETC .

PREVENTION IZ BETTER THN MEDICINES.

Diclofenac Side effect discovery chemical structure indication

icon

DICLOFENAC;-

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken or applied to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions. 

DISCOVERY;-

The name "diclofenac" derives from its chemical name: 2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid. Diclofenac was first synthesized by Alfred Sallmann and Rudolf Pfister and introduced as Voltaren by Ciba-Geigy  in 1973.

STRUCTURE

Chemical structure:-

Medical Usease/Indication;-

Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of diclofenac potassium tablets and other treatment options before deciding to use diclofenac potassium tablets. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals.

Diclofenac potassium/sodium tablets are indicated:

• For treatment of primary dysmenorrhea
• For relief of mild to moderate pain
• For relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis



immage

• For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Contraindications;-

·         Hypersensitivity against diclofenac

·         History of allergic reactions

Side effects;-

ICON

· Cardiac

· Gastrointestinal

· Hepatic

· Renal

· Mental health

IMM Diclofenac consumption has been associated with significantly increased vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen.Upper gastrointestinal complications were also reported. Major vascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared with placebo, of 1000 patients allocated to diclofenac for a year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was increased significantly by diclofenac.

Table Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Diclofenac;-
PK Parameter	Normal Healthy Adults (20-52 yrs.)
	Mean	Coefficient of Variation (%)
Absolute Bioavailability (%) [N = 7]	55	40
Tmax (hr) [N = 65]	1.0	76
Oral Clearance (CL/F; mL/min) [N = 61]	622	21
Renal Clearance (% unchanged drug in urine) [N = 7]	<1	–
Apparent Volume of Distribution (V/F; L/kg) [N = 61]	1.3	33
Terminal Half-life (hr) [N = 48]	1.9	29

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C;-

ICON

Reproductive studies conducted in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated evidence of developmental abnormalities. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.

This product is available in the following dosage forms:-

Capsule
Powder for Solution
Capsule, Liquid Filled
Tablet
Tablet, Enteric Coated
Tablet, Extended Release

PREVENTION IZ BETTER THN MEDICINES.

Ciprofloxacin Antibiotc Health Medicines Free Tips .

https://medicinesphm.blogspot.com/

CIPROFLOXACIN;-

Ciprofloxacin is an Antibiotic used to treat a number of Bacterial infectios . This includes bone and joint infection, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory infection, skin infections, typhoid fever and urinary tract infection among others. For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously.

DRUG CATEGORIES-Quinolone Group;-

https://medicinesphm.blogspot.com/

1.CIPROFLOXACINE

2.LEVOFLOXACIN

3.NOREFLOXACIN

4.ENOXICIN

5.TARVAFLOXACIN

QUINOLON Group

SIDE EFFECT;-

https://medicinesphm.blogspot.com/

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash. Ciprofloxacin increases the risk of tendon rupture and worsening muscle weakness in people with the neurological disorder myasthenia gravis. Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin. Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy. No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication. It appears to be safe during breastfeeding. It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.

Rates of side effects appear to be higher than with some groups of antibiotics such as Cephalosporin but lower than with others such as clindamycin. Compared to other antibiotics some studies find a higher rate of side effects while others find no difference.

DISCOVERY;-

https://medicinesphm.blogspot.com/

Ciprofloxacin was introduced in 1987. It is on WHO s essential medicines the most effective and safe medicines needed in a Health system.

Medical uses;-

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of bones and joints, Endocarditis, Gastroentritis, malignant otitis externa, Respiratory tract infection, Cellulitis, urinary tract infection, prostatitis, Anthrax, and Chancroid..

Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the common cold. For certain uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea, ciprofloxacin are not considered a first-line agent.

Pregnancy;-

https://medicinesphm.blogspot.com/

ciprofloxacin is pregnancy category C. This category includes drugs for which no adequate and well-controlled studies in human pregnancy exist, and for which animal studies have suggested the potential for harm to the fetus, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child. The U.S. FDA recommends that because of the risk of serious adverse reactions (including articular damage) in infants nursing from mothers taking ciprofloxacin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Children;-

Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin are approved by the FDA, for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system:-

Contraindications;-

https://medicinesphm.blogspot.com/

Contraindications include:-

· Taking Tiznidine at the same time

· Use by those who are hypersensitive to any member of the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents

Ciprofloxacin is also considered to be contraindicated in children (except for the indications outlined above), in Pregnancy to nursing mothers, and in people with epiplepsy or other seizure disorders.

PREVENTION IZ BETTER THN MEDICINES.