Diclofenac Side effect discovery chemical structure indication

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DICLOFENAC;-

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken or applied to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions. 

DISCOVERY;-

The name "diclofenac" derives from its chemical name: 2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid. Diclofenac was first synthesized by Alfred Sallmann and Rudolf Pfister and introduced as Voltaren by Ciba-Geigy  in 1973.

STRUCTURE

Chemical structure:-

Medical Usease/Indication;-

Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of diclofenac potassium tablets and other treatment options before deciding to use diclofenac potassium tablets. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals.

Diclofenac potassium/sodium tablets are indicated:

• For treatment of primary dysmenorrhea
• For relief of mild to moderate pain
• For relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis



immage

• For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Contraindications;-

·         Hypersensitivity against diclofenac

·         History of allergic reactions

Side effects;-

ICON

· Cardiac

· Gastrointestinal

· Hepatic

· Renal

· Mental health

IMM Diclofenac consumption has been associated with significantly increased vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen.Upper gastrointestinal complications were also reported. Major vascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared with placebo, of 1000 patients allocated to diclofenac for a year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was increased significantly by diclofenac.

Table Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Diclofenac;-
PK Parameter	Normal Healthy Adults (20-52 yrs.)
	Mean	Coefficient of Variation (%)
Absolute Bioavailability (%) [N = 7]	55	40
Tmax (hr) [N = 65]	1.0	76
Oral Clearance (CL/F; mL/min) [N = 61]	622	21
Renal Clearance (% unchanged drug in urine) [N = 7]	<1	–
Apparent Volume of Distribution (V/F; L/kg) [N = 61]	1.3	33
Terminal Half-life (hr) [N = 48]	1.9	29

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C;-

ICON

Reproductive studies conducted in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated evidence of developmental abnormalities. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.

This product is available in the following dosage forms:-

Capsule
Powder for Solution
Capsule, Liquid Filled
Tablet
Tablet, Enteric Coated
Tablet, Extended Release

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Ciprofloxacin Antibiotc Health Medicines Free Tips .

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CIPROFLOXACIN;-

Ciprofloxacin is an Antibiotic used to treat a number of Bacterial infectios . This includes bone and joint infection, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory infection, skin infections, typhoid fever and urinary tract infection among others. For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously.

DRUG CATEGORIES-Quinolone Group;-

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1.CIPROFLOXACINE

2.LEVOFLOXACIN

3.NOREFLOXACIN

4.ENOXICIN

5.TARVAFLOXACIN

QUINOLON Group

SIDE EFFECT;-

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Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash. Ciprofloxacin increases the risk of tendon rupture and worsening muscle weakness in people with the neurological disorder myasthenia gravis. Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin. Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy. No problems were identified, however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication. It appears to be safe during breastfeeding. It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria.

Rates of side effects appear to be higher than with some groups of antibiotics such as Cephalosporin but lower than with others such as clindamycin. Compared to other antibiotics some studies find a higher rate of side effects while others find no difference.

DISCOVERY;-

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Ciprofloxacin was introduced in 1987. It is on WHO s essential medicines the most effective and safe medicines needed in a Health system.

Medical uses;-

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of bones and joints, Endocarditis, Gastroentritis, malignant otitis externa, Respiratory tract infection, Cellulitis, urinary tract infection, prostatitis, Anthrax, and Chancroid..

Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the common cold. For certain uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea, ciprofloxacin are not considered a first-line agent.

Pregnancy;-

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ciprofloxacin is pregnancy category C. This category includes drugs for which no adequate and well-controlled studies in human pregnancy exist, and for which animal studies have suggested the potential for harm to the fetus, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child. The U.S. FDA recommends that because of the risk of serious adverse reactions (including articular damage) in infants nursing from mothers taking ciprofloxacin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Children;-

Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin are approved by the FDA, for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system:-

Contraindications;-

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Contraindications include:-

· Taking Tiznidine at the same time

· Use by those who are hypersensitive to any member of the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents

Ciprofloxacin is also considered to be contraindicated in children (except for the indications outlined above), in Pregnancy to nursing mothers, and in people with epiplepsy or other seizure disorders.

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Omeprazole Discovery, Mechanism and Use

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OMEPRAZOLE

Discovery;-

Omeprazole, was discovered in 1979. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential medicines the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health and ist of the new class of drug.

Mechanism ;-

protan-pump inhibitor .

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Uses /Indication 

Omeprazole can be used in the treatment of gastroesophagael refluxdisese (GERD), peptic ulcer, and zollinger E2.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding;-

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Epidemiological data do not show an increased risk of major birth defects after maternal use of omeprazole during pregnancy .

Dose;-

Omeprazole is available as tablets and capsules (containing omeprazole or omeprazole magnesium) in strengths of 10, 20, 40, and in some markets 80 mg, BD two time in day AC and according to the condition of pateint treated with omeprazole. Treatment of H. pylori infection can be completed by taking a triple therapy combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycine for 7–14 days.

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FREE UPDATE NEWS.

Milk Medicaly and Health Benifits ,Skin Childrens,Bones.Pregnency free updates

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Health Benefits of Milk:

INTRODUCTION;-

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammal. It is the primary source of nutration for infant mammals (including humans who breastfeed) before they are able to digestion  other types of food. Early-lactate  milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodes to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. It contains many other nutrients ,including protein and lactose.Milk is an essential part of our diet. Ask kids, milk used to be original cow milk and mother s milk for best our children s health . Scientifically speaking, a glass of milk is equivalent to a complete meal encompassing all the necessary nutrients. In addition to healthy bones, drinking milk daily adds energy to our lives and a tinge of glow to our faces ,skin ,bones ,musles ,and pregnancy .

BONS (ORTHOPADIAC );-

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We are all aware that our bones are made of calcium. Milk is a rich source of calcium and thus an essential part of our diet to have strong bones. Insufficient consumption of milk leads to dissolving of our bones to satisfy other calcium needs of the body resulting in weak and brittle bones. It is often seen that people who do not consume milk are victims of weak bone health suffering from fractures and bone dislocations. One of the benefits of drinking milk is that it ensures 

healthy and strong bones. Calcium and vitamin D from the milk ensures bone growth in children and minimizes the risk of bone loss.

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SKIN PROTECTION;-


The numerous vitamins and minerals that constitute milk enrich our skin. The historical beauty Cleopatra used to bathe in milk to preserve her fair complexion and beauty. Having milk daily adds a glow to your face making the skin soft and smooth. Milk also helps cleanse our internal system leaving our face free of spots and pores. It is thus often advised to drink two glass of milk on a regular basis to ensure an amazing complexion with an exceptional glow.


DISESE PROTECTION;-

It is a well known fact that milk helps fight a number of diseases helping us lead a healthy life. It ensures low blood pressure and reduces the risk of strokes or other heart related ailments. It has also been proven that milk helps prevent certain forms of cancer and can reduce the effects of migraine. Milk can also reduce the amount of cholesterol produced by the body preventing artery blockages. In addition to being a disease fighter, milk helps nails grow and keeps hair shiny and long. Also, consumption of milk helps reduce PMS and relaxes women during their menstrual cycles.


HEART BURN ;-

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A number of food items that we consume these days are acidic in nature and cause irritation and a burning sensation in our esophagus and stomach. Milk is often considered to be the best remedy to such irritations. The cooling effect of milk tends to treat the burning sensation and provides a thick coating to prevent heartburn. We have often seen our moms give us a glass of cold milk if we are suffering from acidity. It helps neutralize the acids in the stomach giving us an instant relief with great taste.


WEIGHT LOSS;-

A number of studies have shown that milk actually helps lose weight at a very high speed. People who consume milk on a daily basis lose weight at a faster pace than those who don’t. Even the milk that is not fat- skimmed or toned has a slimming effect. The major reason behind it is simple that consuming milk generally replaces consumption of a high calorie snack or appetizer. A single glass of milk is equivalent to a complete meal with less than half the calories. Drinking milk right before bed is also recommended for those who are trying to lose weight.

IN PREGNANCY;-

Milk is a vital dietary source of calcium and other nutrients. If calcium intake is not adequate during pregnancy, the fetal body absorbs calcium from maternal bones to meet the requirements, thus it is vital to get adequate calcium for the health of both the mother and baby.

Milk is a reliable source for obtaining proteins; a cup of low fat milk offers 8.22 g of proteins. This extra supply of proteins is utilized for building uterus, remodeling breast and baby’s tissues. Protein deficiency can cause several health problems in a baby including low birth weight. Vitamin D supplied by milk is helpful in preventing low birth weight and neonatal rickets in pregnancy along with other issues.

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Honey Health Benefits And Mecine Free Down Load and Like

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Honey & Health Benefits ;-

Impotent 10 Health Benefits of Honey:

Honey iz natural product but it have lote of health benefits & medicinal usages.

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1. Prevent cancer and heart disease:

Honey contains flavonoids, antioxidants which help reduce the risk of some cancers and heart disease.

2. Reduce ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders;

Recent research shows that honey treatment may help disorders such as ulcers and bacterial gastroenteritis. This may be related to the 3rd benefit…

3. Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-fungal:

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“All honey is antibacterial, because the bees add an enzyme that makes hydrogen peroxide,” said Peter Molan, director of the Honey Research Unit at the University of Waikato in New Zealand.

4. Increase athletic performance.

Ancient Olympic athletes would eat honey and dried figs to enhance their performance. This has now been verified with modern studies, showing that it is superior in maintaining glycogen levels and improving recovery time than other sweeteners.

5. Reduce cough and throat irritation:

Honey helps with coughs, particularly buckwheat honey. In a study of 110 children, a single dose of buckwheat honey was just as effective as a single dose of dextromethorphan in relieving nocturnal cough and allowing proper sleep.

6.eye side & weight loss ,asthma ,sexual.;

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Honey has been used in medicine at least 4000 years and is considered to affect all three of the body’s primitive material imbalances positively. It is also said to be useful useful in improving eyesight, weight loss, curing impotence and premature ejaculation, urinary tract disorders, bronchial asthma, diarrhea, and nausea.

7. Blood sugar regulation:

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Even though honey contains simple sugars, it is NOT the same as white sugar or artificial sweeteners. Its exact combination of fructose and glucose actually helps the body regulate blood sugar levels. Some honeys have a low hypoglycemic index, so they don’t jolt your blood sugar. (Watch this video Sweetener Comparison where I compare Stevie, brown rice syrup, honey, molasses and agave, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each.)

8. Heal wounds and burns:

External application of honey has been shown to be as effective as conventional treatment with silver sulfadiazene. It is speculated that the drying effect of the simple sugars and honey’s anti-bacterial nature combine to create this effect.

9. Probiotic:

Some varieties of honey possess large amounts of friendly bacteria. This includes up to 6 species of lactobacilli and 4 species of bifidobacteria. This may explain many of the “mysterious therapeutic properties of honey

10. Beautiful skin:

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Its anti-bacterial qualities are particularly useful for the skin, and, when used with the other ingredients, can also be moisturizing and nourishing! For a powerful home beauty treatment for which you probably have all the ingredients in your kitchen already.

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chloramphenichol antibiotic latest free updates (uses or history)

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CHLORAMPHENICHOL –EYE DROP, CAP & OINTMENT

DISCOERY

Chloramphenicol was discovered in 1947. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. 

The wholesale cost in the developing world of an intravenous dose is about 0.40 to 1.90 USD. Global issues relating to bacterial resistance have revived interest in its use.

History

In 2007, the accumulation of reports associating aplastic anemia and blood dyscrasia with chloramphenicol eye drops lead to the classification of “probable human carcinogen” according to World Health Organization criteria, based on the known published case reports and the spontaneous reports submitted to the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects.

Chloramphenicol eye drops and eye ointment are used to treat bacterial eye

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infections. Eye infections are a common cause of conjunctivitis. In conjunctivitis, your eye becomes inflamed, feels gritty, and may water more than usual. The white of your eye may look red, and your eyelids can become swollen and stuck together with a discharge when you wake up in the morning. Only one eye may be infected to begin with, but it often spreads to both eyes.

How to use chloramphenicol eye drops

1.    Wash your hands before you use the drops.

2.    Remove the cap from the bottle (or the tip of the unit if you are using a single-use unit).

3.    Tilt your head back a little and pull the lower lid of your eye downwards to form a pocket.

4.    Hold the bottle (or single-use unit) upside down near to your eye. Try not to touch your eye as you do this.

5.    Apply enough pressure to release one drop into your eye. Only use a second drop if the first drop missed going into your eye.

6.    Close your eye for a minute or two, and press gently on the side of your nose where the corner of your eye meets your nose. This helps to stop the drop from draining away and keeps it in your eye.

7.    Repeat the process in your other eye if both eyes are affected.

8. Replace the cap (or if you are using a single-use unit, throw the used unit away).

 Therapeutic indications

Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic indicated in both adults and children for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by chloramphenicol susceptible organisms including: Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus, Morax-axenfeld, Klebsiella/Enterobacter species and others.

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food poisoning health benefits free latest pharmacist tips

FOOD POISONING ;-

 DEFINITION;-

Food poisoning is defined as any disease of an infectious or toxic nature caused by the consumption of food or drink. The term is most often used to describe the illness, usually diarrhoea and/or vomiting caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Very occasionally poisonings from chemicals may be the cause.

Symptoms

Food poisoning symptoms vary with the source of contamination. Most types of food poisoning cause one or more of the following signs and symptoms:

·         Nausea

·         Vomiting

·         Watery or bloody diarrhea

·         Abdominal pain and cramps

·         Fever

Signs and symptoms may start within hours after eating the contaminated food, or they may begin days or even weeks later. Sickness caused by food poisoning generally lasts from a few hours to several days.

Causes;-

Contamination of food can happen at any point of production: growing, harvesting, processing, storing, shipping or preparing. Cross-contamination — the transfer of harmful organisms from one surface to another — is often the cause. This is especially troublesome for raw, ready-to-eat foods, such as salads or other produce. Because these foods aren't cooked, harmful organisms aren't destroyed before eating and can cause food poisoning.

Many bacterial, viral or parasitic agents cause food poisoning. The following table shows some of the possible contaminants, when you might start to feel symptoms and common ways the organism is spread.

TREATMENT;-

Most food specimen for analysis, in order to discover which particular bacterium is responsible.

Dehydration caused by diarrhoea and vomiting should be treated immediately with oral rehydration solutions available over the counter at chemists. If these preparations are not available, you can make your own using a generous pinch of salt (1.5gram) and a teaspoon of sugar stirred into a glass of fruit juice or water (250ml).

This is particularly important for infants and young children. If the illness lasts more than a few days or there is blood in the stools, medical advice should be sought urgently.

Borne infections resolve without medical attention. Depending on the type of bacterial infection antibiotics may be prescribed in some cases. Before doing this, the doctor will usually require a stool .

ANTIBIOTICS;-

Antibiotics. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if you have certain kinds of bacterial food poisoning and your symptoms are severe. Food poisoning caused by listeria needs to be treated with intravenous antibiotics during hospitalization. The sooner treatment begins, the better. During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment may help keep the infection from affecting the baby.

Antibiotics will not help food poisoning caused by viruses. Antibiotics may actually worsen symptoms in certain kinds of viral or bacterial food poisoning.

In cause of emergency may be used some antibiotics as per  i/v or oral,

1. Ciproflaxacine infusion

2. Metronidazol

3. ORS

4.3^rd generation antibiotics 

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